分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 3 - 213 m (Ref. 5222), usually 3 - 35 m (Ref. 40849). 亞熱帶的; 37°N - 30°S, 98°W - 30°W (Ref. 89707)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.
西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到巴西里約熱內盧, 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 91.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7251); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 10.0 kg (Ref. 5222)
背棘 (總數): 11; 背的軟條 (總數): 18-20; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 10. Distinguished by the following characteristics: body and fins black with many large white blotches (Ref. 13608). Compressed, with a large pectoral fin; scales smooth (Ref. 26938); greatest depth of body 2.2-2.5 in SL; body width 2.2-2.9 times in depth; head length 2.5-2.8 times in SL; rounded preopercle, finely serrate, serrae at the angle slightly enlarged (Ref. 089707).
身體與鰭黑色的有許多大的白色斑塊。 (參考文獻 13608) 扁長形的, 具有一個大的胸鰭; 鱗片平滑的.(參考文獻 26938)
Usually on deep ledges, at depths to 210 m and on reefs, usually in caves or deep crevices (Ref. 7251). Solitary (Ref. 26340) and secretive, darts away when approached or frightened (Ref. 9710). Rarely seen in markets. Major threat to this species is fishing pressure (Ref. 089707).
通常在深的岩架上, 深達 210 公尺與在礁上, 通常在洞穴或深的裂隙.(參考文獻 7251) 獨居性的 (參考文獻 26340) 與躲躲藏藏的, 衝出離開當被接近時或驚嚇.(參考文獻 9710) 很少在市場中見到了。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到巴西里約熱內盧, 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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參考文獻養殖養殖資訊品種遺傳學Electrophoreses遺傳率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.6 - 28, mean 26.7 °C (based on 502 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00469 - 0.01544), b=3.15 (2.99 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (56 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12.2 [6.0, 27.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.421 [0.213, 0.872] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [16.9, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.179 [0.098, 0.340] g/100g; Selenium = 24.1 [10.0, 51.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 48 [11, 248] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.418 [0.261, 0.666] mg/100g (wet weight);