分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Leucoraja: Greek, leykos = white + Latin, raja = a fish, Raja sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Mitchill.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 914 m (Ref. 106604). 溫帶; 49°N - 33°N, 78°W - 59°W (Ref. 55277)
Western Atlantic: southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia in Canada to North Carolina, USA.
西大西洋: 聖勞倫斯灣南部與加拿大的新斯科舍省到美國北卡羅萊那州。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 37.5, range 32 - 43 cm
Max length : 62.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 106604); 最大年龄: 12 年 (Ref. 88929)
Usually on sandy or gravelly bottoms from shoal waters to 90 m depth (Ref. 7251), with temperature range of 1.2-21°C. Benthic (Ref. 5951). Mostly inactive during daylight, but active under dark conditions (Ref. 10807). Feeds on bottom-dwelling organisms such as crabs, shrimps, polychaetes, sea squirts, mollusks, squids and bony fishes (Ref. 27549). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 4.6-6.3 cm long and 2.7-4.8 cm wide, about 10-35 eggs are laid annually (Ref. 41250). Possesses an electric organ located in the tail region (Ref. 10807). Electric organ discharge (EOD) activity is intermittent (Ref. 10011) and seemed more frequent during dark periods (Ref. 10808). The individual EOD of this species is monophasic, head-negative, and lasts 70 ms (Ref. 10011).
通常在从浅的水域到 90 公尺深的沙或多碎石的底部上.(参考文献 7251) 大部份不活跃白天时, 但是活跃的在深色的情况.(参考文献 10807) 卵生的。 明显的成对出现。 幼鱼可能倾向跟随大的个体, 例如他们的母亲.(参考文献 205) 卵为长方形鞘囊具有僵硬的触角沈积在沙滩或泥滩的角落.(参考文献 205) 卵鞘是 4.6-6.3 公分长与 2.7-4.8 公分宽的, 大约 10-35个卵生产每年.(参考文献 41250) 持有一个发电器位于了尾部.(参考文献 10807) 发电器放电 (EOD) 活动是间歇的 (参考文献 10011) 而且在黑暗的时候似乎更频繁.(参考文献 10808) 这种的个别 EOD 是单相的，带负电的, 而且持续 70 ms 。 (参考文献 10011)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).西大西洋: 聖勞倫斯灣南部與加拿大的新斯科舍省到美國北卡羅萊那州。
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 3.3 - 11.9, mean 6.8 °C (based on 97 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00282 (0.00248 - 0.00320), b=3.22 (3.18 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.29-0.35; tm=4.5; Fec=10; tmax=12).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 8.66 [1.21, 152.16] mg/100g; Iron = 0.286 [0.027, 3.412] mg/100g; Protein = 15.9 [13.9, 17.9] %; Omega3 = 0.79 [0.34, 1.99] g/100g; Selenium = 11.9 [2.5, 63.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.64 [0.51, 72.57] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.394 [0.028, 4.300] mg/100g (wet weight);
