Main Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
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Remarks | Anadromous (Ref. 5951). Strongly migratory (tagged individuals caught as far as 3000 km from point of release); in rivers, moves up as far as Montreal, but usually not ascending as far upstream as A. pseudoharengus. Feeds on copepods, other crustacean zooplankters, aquatic insect larvae, especially chironomid larvae (important for young shad in fresh water); ostracods, amphipods, isopods, insects and small fishes in the Bay of Fundy (Ref. 5951). No feeding during migration up rivers. Parasites found are nematodes, distomes (trematodes) and acanthocephalans (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.48 | 0.32 | 3.46 | 0.46 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.61 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |