Hoofdreferentie | Banister, K., 1986 |
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Opmerkingen | Shoaling species outside the breeding season, especially when young. Inhabits vegetated areas, usually over mud or sand (Ref. 5723). In the sea, confined to coastal waters. Forms schools. Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Anadromous and nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on worms, crustaceans, larvae and adult aquatic insects, drowned aerial insects, and small fishes; has also been reported to feed on their own fry and eggs (Ref. 1998). Length in freshwater is 8 cm while in saltwater is 11 cm (Ref. 35388). Preyed upon by American mergansers. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Ondergrond | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991 |
Speciale habitats | vegetation |
Special habitats Ref. | Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991 |
Ref. | Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988 |
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Associaties | |
Geassocieerd met | Young associated with drifting seaweed (Ref. 12114, 12115). Parasites of the species include 5 protozoans, 2 myxosporidians, 4 monogeneans, 12 trematodes, 7 cestodes, 4 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans, 1 mollusc, 1 branchiuran and 2 copepods (Ref. 5951). |
Opmerkingen in verband met associaties | |
Parasitisme |
Voedingstype | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Blegvad, H., 1917 |
Voedingsgewoonte | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Blegvad, H., 1917 |
Estimation method | Origineel staal | Onbeviste populatie | Opmerking | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
Op basis van dieetsamenstelling | 3.31 | 0.18 | 3.41 | 0.39 | Troph of adults from 2 studies. |
Op basis van individuele voedselitems | 3.38 | 0.46 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Blegvad, H., 1917 |