Ecology Summary - Epinephelus howlandi
生態學： Epinephelus howlandi
 
主要參考文獻 Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960
附註 Found inshore (Ref. 75154). Feeds on fish and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 275).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
  • 河口/瀉湖/半鹹淡水海洋
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • 洞
  • 專門地
Highighted items on the list are where Epinephelus howlandi may be found.

Habitat

Substrate Benthic; Hard Bottom;
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats Coral Reefs;
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

參考文獻
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

進食

攝取食物的類型 mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref. Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960
攝取食物的習慣 hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.
Trophic Level(s)
Estimation method 最初的樣本 不捕獲族群 附註
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
從食物內容
從個別的食物項目 4.02 0.64 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
參考文獻
(例如 346)
(例如 oophagy)
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意見 & 訂正
cfm script by eagbayani,  ,  php script by rolavides, 2/5/2008 ,  最後修訂者： mbactong, 10/24/19