| 主要參考文獻 | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Forms schools of up to 100 individuals which remain at a fixed position in the water column (Ref. 13780). A euryhaline species inhabiting rocky and sometimes sandy bottoms to depths of 160 m, but more commonly in less than 50 m. The young are sometimes found in seagrass beds. Feeds on crustaceans, worms and mollusks (Ref. 3688). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | FAO EastMed Project, 2013 |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 3.52 | 0.12 | 3.22 | 0.34 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
| 從個別的食物項目 | 3.34 | 0.45 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 | ||||