Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common sole

Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Classification	Actinopterygii \| Pleuronectiformes \| Soleidae
Synonyms	Pleuronectes solea, Solea vulgaris, Solea vulgaris vulgaris, ... more
Common names	Sole commune, Lenguado común, Black sole, ... more

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Picture by Canosa, C. & B.F. Souto

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AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS

Main reference

Desoutter, M. 1992. (Ref. 7395)
Other references | Biblio | Coordinator | Collaborators

Size / Weight / Age

Max length : 70.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4710); common length : 35.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5504); max. published weight: 3,000 g (Ref. 5504); max. reported age: 26 years (Ref. 32766)

Environment

Demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 60 m (Ref. 6302)

Climate / Range

Subtropical; 67°N - 17°N, 17°W - 37°E (Ref. 54889)

Eastern Atlantic: southward from Trondheim Fjord (including North Sea and western Baltic) and Mediterranean Sea (including Sea of Marmara, Bosporus and southwestern Black Sea). Elsewhere, southward to Senegal, including Cape Verde (Ref. 5304).
Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Short description

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 73 - 86; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 61 - 74. Body oval, head rounded. Upper eye less than its own diameter from dorsal profile of head. Anterior nostril on blind side not enlarged. Dorsal fin beginning on upper profile of head. Eye side grayish-brown to reddish brown, with large and diffuse dark spots. Pectoral fin on eye side with a blackish blotch at posterior end of fin. Hind part of caudal fin generally darker than rest.

Adults occur at a temperature range of 8.0-24.0°C (Ref. 4944). Usually solitary. They burrow into sandy and muddy bottoms. Retreat to deeper water during winter (Ref. 9988). Feed on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans at night. Waden sea is the most important nursery area. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Recruitment is very variable. Frequently found pelagically during spawning migrations (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh and frozen; utilized steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). The Hastings Fleet Dover Sole fishery of this species has been certified by the Marine Stewardship Council (http://www.msc.org/) as well-managed and sustainable (http://www.msc.org/html/content_1216.htm).


IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 57073)	Threat to humans
Not Evaluated	Harmless

Human uses
Fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums


More information
Countries FAO areas Ecosystems Occurrences Introductions Ecology Diet Food items Food consumption Ration	Common names Synonyms Metabolism Predators Ecotoxicology Reproduction Maturity Spawning Eggs Egg development	Age/Size Growth Length-weight Length-length Length-frequencies Morphometrics Morphology Larvae Larval dynamics Recruitment	Other references Biblio Aquaculture Aquaculture profile Strains Genetics Allele frequencies Heritability Diseases Processing	Collaborators Pictures Stamps Sounds Ciguatera Speed Swim. type Gill area Otoliths Brains Vision

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Internet sources

Estimation of some characteristics with mathematical models

Resilience (Ref. 69278)

Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.21-0.33; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=100,000)


Vulnerability (Ref. 59153)	Price category (Ref. 80766)
Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100)	Very high

Entered by Luna, Susan M.

Modified by Pablico, Grace Tolentino

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Page last modified by : elaxamana, 15 July 2009

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