Environment / Climate / Range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range ? - 146 m (Ref. 58018). Subtropical; 38°N - 9°N
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251)
Western Atlantic: Virginia, USA and Bahamas to Venezuela.
Have a thick glandular tissue on posterior margin of fin spines which is believed to be venomous (Ref. 57406).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p.
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 90363)
Human uses
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Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
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Estimates of some properties based on empirical models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00816 (-0.13625 - 0.15257), b=3.13212 (3.04106 - 3.22317), based on LWR estimates for species & family-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic Level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
69278): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100) .