Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Bothidae (Lefteye flounders)
Etymology: Grammatobothus: Greek, gramma = signal, mark (Ref. 45335).
Environment / Climate / Range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 0 - 90 m (Ref. 9824). Tropical
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9824); common length : 17.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9824)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 77-86;
Anal
spines: 0;
Anal
soft rays: 61 - 71. Eyed side pale brownish, with 3 large, prominent dark ocelli, 1 each above and below pectoral fin, 1 on middle of straight section of lateral line. Head and body with many small, distinct, dark spots and obscure markings along dorsal and ventral body margins. Males with 2 distinct dark markings above upper eye. Dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins on eyed side with indistinct dusky spots and markings. Caudal fin with a pair of marks behind fin base. Pectoral fin on eyed side with broad pale cross bars. Blind side pale. Body deeply ovoid, its depth 1.5 to 1.8 times in SL. Head moderately large, snout shorter than eye, profile deeply notched ahead of interorbital area. Head length3.5 to 4 times in SL. Interorbital region concave, narrow in both sexes. Both eyes on left side of head, front margin of upper eye slightly behind front margin of lower eye. Mouth moderate in size, reaching to or slightly beyond anterior margin of lower eye, length of upper jaw 2.8 to 3.4 times in head length. Teeth in both jaws uniserial. Teeth in upper jaw becoming gradually smaller posteriorly. Teeth of lower jaw about equal in size, similar to anterior teeth of upper jaw. Scales on eyed side ctenoid. Scales on blind side cycloid. Lateral line on both sides of body (Ref 42535).
Indo-West Pacific: India and off Sri Lanka eastward to the Philippines and the northeastern coast of Australia. Range extends to Okinawa Island, Japan. Also known from the Persian Gulf (Ref. 5999).
Found in shallow mud, sand, and rubble bottoms of the continental shelf (Ref. 9824). Feeds on benthic animals. Marketed fresh and used in making fish meal (Ref. 9824).
Nielsen, J.G., 1974. Bothidae. In W. Fisher and P.J.P. Whitehead (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (fishing area 71). Rome, FAO, vol. 3. pag. var.
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 90363)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
More information
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Estimates of some properties based on empirical models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01056 (-0.11575 - 0.13687), b=2.94415 (2.86388 - 3.02443), based on LWR estimates for species & family-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic Level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.6 se; Based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
69278): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100) .
