分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 非遷移的; 深度上下限 1 - 150 m (Ref. 26938), usually 1 - 40 m (Ref. 89707). 亞熱帶的; 36°N - 28°S, 98°W - 33°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: South Carolina, USA and Bermuda to southern Brazil.
西大西洋: 美國南卡羅萊那州與百慕達群島到巴西南部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 14.7 range ? - 24.5 cm
Max length : 44.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 116036); 最大年齡: 11 年 (Ref. 36271)
背棘 (總數): 9; 背的軟條 (總數): 14-16; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9. Body and fins red; many small blue spots edged with black line scattered on body; dorsal edge of caudal peduncle with 2 prominent black spots; a pair of black blotches on tip of lower jaw (Ref. 13608); depth of body 2.6-2.9 in SL; head length 2.3-2.5 in SL; flat interorbital area; rounded preopercle, with shallow notch above the angle with upper edge finely serrate and moderately enlarged, lower edge fleshy; subopercle and interopercle smooth; posterior and anterior nostrils small and subequal; scaly maxilla, reaching to or beyond vertical at rear edge of eye; caudal fin convex posteriorly, corners angular; ctenoid lateral-body scales (Ref. 089707).
身體與鰭紅色; 有黑色的線邊緣的許多小的藍色斑點散佈在身體上; 背緣尾梗有 2個突出的黑色斑點; 在下頜的頂端上的一對黑色的斑塊.(參考文獻 13608)
Adults prefer coral reefs and clear water. In the Gulf of Mexico, they are found in clear deep reefs (at least 45 m). At Bermuda and the West Indies, they are common in shallow water, but they usually hide in caves or under ledges during the day. The species is protogynous with females maturing at 16 cm TL and transforming to males at about 20 cm. Males are territorial. Feed mainly on small fishes and crustaceans. May follow morays and snake eels to feed on flushed preys. Wary, but approachable (Ref. 9710).
偏愛珊瑚礁與清澈的水域。 在墨西哥灣，它出現於清澈的深礁中。 (至少 45 公尺) 在百慕達群島與西印度群島，此魚種是常見於淺水區，但是它通常躲在洞穴或岩架下中在白天期間。 此魚種對被在 16 公分TL 時成熟而且轉換雄性於大約 20 公分的雌性感到雌性先熟。 雄姓具有領域性。 主要吃小魚與甲殼動物。 可能跟隨海鰻，而且蛇鰻覓食被驚嚇的獵物。 小心的, 但是可接近的.(參考文獻 9710)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Mature females transform to males at a length of about 20 cm. Spawning occurs just before sunset over several days, and a male will spawn daily with each of the several females in his harem. Fecundity estimates range from about 150,000 to 282,000 eggs per female; with eggs 0.95 mm in diameter and having a single oil globule. 西大西洋: 美國南卡羅萊那州與百慕達群島到巴西南部。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性
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參考文獻養殖養殖資訊品種遺傳學Electrophoreses遺傳率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.4 - 28, mean 27 °C (based on 474 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00951 - 0.01452), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tmax=11; K=0.14-0.63; Fec=67,000-280,000).
Prior r = 0.62, 95% CL = 0.41 - 0.93, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 24.9 [10.8, 55.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.454 [0.230, 0.923] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [17.4, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.268 [0.145, 0.478] g/100g; Selenium = 20.8 [9.1, 42.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 65.7 [20.5, 244.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.555 [0.365, 0.939] mg/100g (wet weight);
