分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes)
鰈形目 (Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders)
鰈科 (Righteye flounders) > Hippoglossinae
Etymology: Reinhardtius: Because of Johannes Christopher H. Reinhardt, Danish zoologist, studied under Vahl and Cuvier, professor in Kobanhavn in 1813 (1776-1845) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Walbaum.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 底中水層性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 1 - 2200 m (Ref. 108960), usually 500 - 1000 m (Ref. 6263). 北方生物帶; -1°C - 4°C (Ref. 43586); 79°N - 33°N, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54862)
Circumglobal: In arctic and temperate waters; northern hemisphere. Sea of Japan off Honshu north to Shishmaref, Alaska in the Chukchi Sea, throughout the Aleutian Islands, and southeast to northern Baja California, Mexico. North Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to Spitsbergen (Svalbard Islands) and the Barents Sea south to Ireland. Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951).
Circumglobal: 在北極與溫帶的水域中; 北半球。 日本海外海的本州北至 Shishmaref, 阿拉斯加州在楚克其人海洋中, 在阿留申群島各處, 而且向東南到墨西哥的下加利福尼亞北部。 北大西洋: 對斯匹次卑爾根群島 (冷岸島) 與巴倫支海的美國紐澤西南至愛爾蘭。 西北大西洋: 加拿大.(參考文獻 5951)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 63.5, range 65 - 80 cm
Max length : 110 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 80637); 130.0 cm TL (female); common length : 56.0 cm FL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 55110); 最大體重: 7.0 kg (Ref. 173); 最大體重: 7.0 kg; 最大年齡: 36 年 (Ref. 117245)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 83-108; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 62 - 79; 脊椎骨: 60 - 64. Dorsal origin behind posterior edge of upper eye. Caudal slightly forked to truncate. Pectorals small.
在眼睛上方的後緣後面的背鰭起點。 尾部的些微地對截形分岔。 胸鰭小的。
Often caught pelagically (Ref. 4705). Adults prefer bottom temperatures of -0.5°C to 6.0°C (Ref. 5951). Epibenthic (Ref. 58426). Feed on crustaceans, fishes (Ref. 4705, 6885), eelpouts, capelin, redfishes, deep sea prawns and other bottom invertebrates (Ref. 35388). Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Utilized dried or salted and frozen; can be steamed and fried (Ref. 9988). Size of the Greenland halibut collected from 400-599 m deep in eastern Bering Sea, ranged from 9 to 99 cm FL with a mean of 56 cm (Ref. 55110).
時常遠洋地捕獲。 (參考文獻 4705) 成魚喜歡 -0.5 °C 的底部溫度勝過 6.0 °C 。 (參考文獻 5951) 淺海底棲.(參考文獻 58426) 捕食甲殼動物，魚 (參考文獻 4705,6885) ，黏魚之類， capelin ，雄鮭，深的海洋蝦與其他的底棲無脊椎動物。 (參考文獻 35388) 分批產卵者.(參考文獻 51846) 利用乾燥或鹽醃與冷凍; 能被蒸而且油炸。 (參考文獻 9988) 格陵蘭大比目魚的大小採集自. 400-599 公尺深在東方的白令海中, 範圍從 9 到 99 公分 FL 具有一個 56 公分意謂.(參考文獻 55110)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Fertilized eggs develop in approximately 50 days. Larvae are pelagic with a maximum size of 8 cm and will drift for about 4 months before settling at about 7 cm on clay-silt subtrates at depths of 300-450 m, after which they metamorphose (Ref. 117245).Circumglobal: 在北極與溫帶的水域中; 北半球。 日本海外海的本州北至 Shishmaref, 阿拉斯加州在楚克其人海洋中, 在阿留申群島各處, 而且向東南到墨西哥的下加利福尼亞北部。 北大西洋: 對斯匹次卑爾根群島 (冷岸島) 與巴倫支海的美國紐澤西南至愛爾蘭。 西北大西洋: 加拿大.(參考文獻 5951)
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
近危 (NT) (A4bcd); Date assessed: 24 February 2021
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.5 - 4.2, mean 3 °C (based on 361 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00363 (0.00292 - 0.00452), b=3.19 (3.12 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.07-0.10; tm=7-12; tmax=30; Fec=6,800).
Prior r = 0.25, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.38, Based on 10 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.69 [3.30, 13.54] mg/100g; Iron = 0.117 [0.062, 0.270] mg/100g; Protein = 15 [13, 17] %; Omega3 = 0.262 [0.104, 0.631] g/100g; Selenium = 44.6 [20.3, 101.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.9 [3.9, 85.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.308 [0.204, 0.448] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
