分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes)
鰈形目 (Flatfishes) >
Paralichthyidae (Large-tooth flounders)
牙鮃科 (Large-tooth flounders)
Etymology: Paralichthys: Greek, para = the side of + Greek, ichthys = fish + Greek, suffix, oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的; 深度上下限 1 - 45 m (Ref. 43588), usually 1 - 20 m (Ref. 43588). 亞熱帶的; 23°S - 41°S
Southwest Atlantic: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to at least Mar de la Plata, Argentina.
西南大西洋: 巴西里約熱內盧到至少 Mar de la Plata ，阿根廷。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 39 - ? cm
Max length : 83.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 127691); common length : 32.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 43588); 最大年齡: 11 年 (Ref. 127691)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 71-77; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 52 - 59; 脊椎骨: 35 - 36. Body shape oval, with the greatest breadth 2.5 times in length. Eyes are on the left side, close together, and equally in advance. Teeth are in a single series, sharply pointed. Dorsal fin origin aligned with eyes. Lateral line arched over the pectoral fin. Eye side of the body slightly rough, with finely ciliated scales (Ref. 3157).
體型橢圓形, 與最大的寬度 2.5 倍長。 眼在左邊上, 靠攏在一起, 與同樣地預先。 齒是成單一列, 非常尖的。 背鰭起點合併在眼了。 側線弓形的在胸鰭之上。 身體的眼側邊些微粗糙, 與細有纖毛的鱗片.(參考文獻 3157)
Populations are found in shallow coastal marine waters (Ref. 127691). They enter coastal lagoons (Ref. 36453). Nursery grounds are found in estuaries, coastal lagoons and brackish surf waters (Ref. 127691). Adults feed on pelagic and benthic species of crustaceans (penaeids and brachyurans), and lesser important fishes (Ref. 43588). Juveniles mainly feed on plolychaetes (Ref. 127691).
進入岸邊潟湖。 (參考文獻 36453) 吃甲殼動物 (penaeids 與十足目) 的大洋性與底棲種, 與較少的重要，魚.(參考文獻 43588)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).西南大西洋: 巴西里約熱內盧到至少 Mar de la Plata ，阿根廷。
Figueiredo, J.L. and N.A. Menezes, 2000. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. VI.Teleostei (5). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Brazil. 116 p. (Ref. 36453)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.4 - 22.8, mean 16.1 °C (based on 118 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00676 (0.00431 - 0.01062), b=3.10 (2.97 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.54 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K = 0.12).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (53 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 64.7 [29.4, 115.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.905 [0.455, 1.626] mg/100g; Protein = 16.3 [13.9, 19.6] %; Omega3 = 0.173 [0.086, 0.325] g/100g; Selenium = 24.3 [11.4, 54.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.9 [3.3, 46.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.681 [0.446, 1.021] mg/100g (wet weight);
