分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Hexanchiformes (Frill and cow sharks)
六鰓鯊目 (Frill and cow sharks) >
Hexanchidae (Cow sharks)
六鰓鮫科 (Cow sharks)
Etymology: Notorynchus: Etymology not explained, presumably noto(s) (Gr.), back, possibly referring to posterior placement of single dorsal fin; rhynchus (L.), snout, possibly referring to broad, depressed snout. (See ETYFish); cepedianus: -anus, Latin adjectival suffix that means, when attached to a name, “belonging to”: Bernard Germain Étienne de La Ville-sur-Illon, comte de [count of] La Cepède (also spelled as La Cépède, Lacépède and Lacepède, 1756-1825), author of Histoire Naturelle des Poissons (1798-1803) and Péron’s “illustrious master” (translation) in ichthyology. (See ETYFish).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 570 m (Ref. 26346), usually ? - 80 m (Ref. 5578). 亞熱帶的; 56°N - 55°S, 131°W - 177°E (Ref. 54680)
Circumglobal: In tropical to temperate waters; except North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Southwest Atlantic: southern Brazil to northern Argentina. Southeast Atlantic: Namibia to East London, South Africa (Ref. 5578). Western Pacific: southern Japan to New Zealand. Eastern Pacific: British Columbia, Canada to Chile. Record from India maybe erroneous.
Circumglobal: 在熱帶到溫帶水域中; 除了北大西洋與地中海以外。 西南大西洋: 巴西南部到阿根廷北部。 東南大西洋: 那米比亞到南非的東倫敦.(參考文獻 5578) 西太平洋: 日本南部到紐西蘭。 東太平洋: 加拿大卑詩省到智利。 從印度記錄也許錯誤。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 200.0, range 192 - 208 cm
Max length : 300 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5578); common length : 150 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6077); 最大體重: 107.0 kg (Ref. 9987); 最大年齡: 49 年 (Ref. 27952)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 0; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 0; 脊椎骨: 123 - 157. A large seven-gilled cowshark (Ref. 5578) with a wide head, short and blunt snout, and fusiform body. Dorsal fin small, origin may vary from over insertion of pelvic fins to over free rear tips of pelvic fins. Anal fin smaller than dorsal fin. Tooth count 15-16/13. Reddish-brown to silvery-grey or olive-brown with numerous small black spots on body and fins; cream below (Ref. 5578).
大的七條鰓裂的 cowshark(參考文獻 5578) 具有一個寬的頭部，短與鈍的吻與紡錘型身體。 背鰭小的, 起源可能從腹鰭嵌入點到超過腹鰭的游離後端之上改變。 比背鰭小的臀鰭。 牙齒數目 15-16/13. 紅褐色到銀灰色或黃褐色的有很多的小黑色的斑點在身體與鰭上; 腹面乳黃色的.(參考文獻 5578)
Found on the continental shelf, often in shallow water (Ref. 247). Occurs close inshore, in bays and estuaries (Ref. 6871), with larger individuals ranging into deeper waters offshore and deep channels in bays (Ref. 247). Usually cruising steadily and slowly near the bottom (sometimes in water as shallow as a meter), but sometimes at the surface (Ref. 247). Can dash at speed when attacking prey (Ref. 247). Feeds on anything, including other sharks, rays, chimaeras, bony fish, hagfish, dolphin and porpoise meat, seals, shark egg cases, sea snails and mammalian carrion, including rats and humans (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449), with 82 to 95 young in a litter (Ref. 31395). Aggressive when provoked, and regarded as potentially dangerous to people in open waters (Ref. 247). It has attacked divers in captivity and may be involved in a few shark attacks off California and South Africa (Ref. 247). Often caught by anglers from the shore (Ref. 6574). Utilized for human consumption, its skin for leather, and its liver as a source of oil (Ref. 247).
棲息於大陸棚了, 常見於淺水區中。 (參考文獻 247) 生存在海灣與河口 (參考文獻 6871) 的近岸有較大的在海灣中進入較深的水域外海且深峽道的個體.(參考文獻 247) 通常穩定地而且慢慢地在底部 (有時在水淺至一公尺中) 的附近巡游, 但是有時在水表面.(參考文獻 247) 當攻擊獵物的時候，能快速急衝。 (參考文獻 247) 吃任何事,包括其他的鯊魚，魟，銀鮫，硬骨魚，盲鰻，海豚與海豚肉，海豹，鯊魚卵莢，海洋蝸牛與哺乳動物腐肉, 包括老鼠與人類。 (參考文獻 5578) 卵胎生的 (參考文獻 50449), 具有 82 到 95 幼魚在一胎.(參考文獻 31395) 當被激怒時具有侵略性, 而且對人類可能有危險性在開放的水域中視為了.(參考文獻 247) 它有在繁殖場攻擊潛水者而且可能是關係到一些鯊魚攻擊加州外與南非.(參考文獻 247) 時常被垂釣者距離岸邊捕獲了。 (參考文獻 6574) 供人類食用, 它的皮膚用做皮革, 與它的肝臟作為一個油的來源.(參考文獻 247)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding solely on yolk (Ref. 50449), with number of young reaching 82 in a litter. Gravid females apparently drop their young in shallow bays. Size at birth between 40 (Ref. 26346) and 53 (Ref. 247) cm. Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Gestation period 12 months. The reproductive cycle appears to be biennial (Ref. 45445).Circumglobal: 在熱帶到溫帶水域中; 除了北大西洋與地中海以外。 西南大西洋: 巴西南部到阿根廷北部。 東南大西洋: 那米比亞到南非的東倫敦.(參考文獻 5578) 西太平洋: 日本南部到紐西蘭。 東太平洋: 加拿大卑詩省到智利。 從印度記錄也許錯誤。
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.5 - 19.2, mean 14.2 °C (based on 122 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0781 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00240 (0.00102 - 0.00563), b=3.14 (2.93 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.7 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (rm=0.026; K=0.25; tm=16; tmax=32; Fec=82-95).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (57 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (64 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 13.3 [2.9, 63.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.671 [0.165, 1.979] mg/100g; Protein = 20.1 [17.9, 22.2] %; Omega3 = 0.275 [0.123, 0.632] g/100g; Selenium = 43.1 [11.1, 117.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.25 [1.65, 16.47] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.328 [0.161, 0.626] mg/100g (wet weight);
