Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)

Bonefish

Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Classification	Actinopterygii \| Albuliformes \| Albulidae \| Albulinae
Synonyms	Esox vulpes, Albula conorynchus, Albula goreensis, ... more
Common names	Banane de mer, Macabí, Tenpounder, ... more

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AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS

Main reference

Whitehead, P.J.P. 1990. (Ref. 4447)
Other references | Biblio | Coordinator | Collaborators

Size / Weight / Age

Max length : 104 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251); common length : 35.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4447); max. published weight: 10,000 g (Ref. 37955)

Environment

Reef-associated; amphidromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 84 m (Ref. 13608), usually 1 - 15 m (Ref. 9268)

Climate / Range

Subtropical; 45°N - 31°S, 159°W - 35°W (Ref. 55166)

Worldwide in warm seas. Hawaiian species have been verified by electrophoretic analysis (Ref. 5577), hence, Albula vulpes might be further split. The next available name for the West African form is Albula goreensis, Valenciennes, 1846. Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru (Ref. 2850). Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Florida, Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Antilles and Caribbean to Brazil (Ref. 26938). Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951).
Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Short description

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 19; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 7 - 9; Vertebrae: 69 - 74. Branchiostegal rays 12-14 (Ref. 4639). Silvery with dusky fins; base of pectorals yellow (Ref. 3970). Body elongate and fusiform (Ref. 4832). Last ray of dorsal and anal fins not prolonged; head region naked; spot and band absent on head; margin of nasal pore not black (Ref. 13608). Bluntly conical snout extends beyond inferior mouth (Ref. 26938). Pectoral and pelvic axillary scales present; a single long scale on each side of membrane between each ray of dorsal and anal fins (Ref. 4832).

Inhabits shallow coastal waters, estuaries and bays, over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 3237). Often in schools, except large individuals which are solitary (Ref. 7251). Dorsal fin may show above surface (Ref. 42064). More or less pelagic but feeds on benthic worms, crustaceans, and mollusks (Ref. 2850). Tolerates oxygen poor water by inhaling air into a lung-like airbladder (Ref. 9710). Flesh is bony and not esteemed (Ref. 9268). One of the most important game fishes worldwide (Ref. 26938).


IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 57073)	Threat to humans
Not Evaluated	Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 4690)

Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; bait: usually


More information
Countries FAO areas Ecosystems Occurrences Introductions Ecology Diet Food items Food consumption Ration	Common names Synonyms Metabolism Predators Ecotoxicology Reproduction Maturity Spawning Eggs Egg development	Age/Size Growth Length-weight Length-length Length-frequencies Morphometrics Morphology Larvae Larval dynamics Recruitment	Other references Biblio Aquaculture Aquaculture profile Strains Genetics Allele frequencies Heritability Diseases Processing	Collaborators Pictures Stamps Sounds Ciguatera Speed Swim. type Gill area Otoliths Brains Vision

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Internet sources

Estimation of some characteristics with mathematical models

Resilience (Ref. 69278)

Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.3; tm=2)


Vulnerability (Ref. 59153)	Price category (Ref. 80766)
Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100)	High

Entered by Luna, Susan M.

Modified by Froese, Rainer

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Page last modified by : elaxamana, 15 July 2009

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