分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays)
土魟科 (Stingrays) > Urogymninae
Etymology: Pateobatis: Combination of Latin 'pateo' for 'lie open, be exposed' and 'batis' for skate, ray or flatfish; referring to the eclectic nature of members of this group..
More on authors: Jordan & Seale.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 0 - 200 m (Ref. 86942). 熱帶; 9°N - 26°S
Indo-West Pacific: widespread, from South Africa to the central Pacific Islands, north to Japan (Okinawa). Frequently confused with Himantura jenkinsii (Ref. 9840).
印度-太平洋: 可能地廣泛分佈從南非至密克羅尼西亞。 Himantura gerrardi 的可能同種異名. 時常與 Himantura jenkinsii 互相混淆了。 (參考文獻 9840)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 115.4, range 120 - ? cm
Max length : 183 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); 最大體重: 18.5 kg (Ref. 40637)
Uniformly tan to brownish pink dorsally. Inhabits lagoon and seaward sand flats from the intertidal to at least 200 m. Occurs in large aggregations (Ref. 37816).
均勻黃褐色到褐粉紅色的背面。 棲息於潟湖與臨海的沙地淺灘從潮間帶到至少 200 公尺。 一大群出現。 (參考文獻 37816)
Occurs in aggregations over soft bottoms of the inner continental shelf, often near coral reefs (Ref. 9840). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Size at birth at about 55 cm WD (Ref. 6871). Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and molluscs (Ref. 89972). Common catch of the demersal tangle net, bottom trawl and, to a lesser extend, longline fisheries. Utilized for its meat, skin (high value) and cartilage (Ref.58048). By-catch of prawn trawlers (Ref. 6871).
成群的出現大陸棚內側的軟質底部之上, 時常在珊瑚礁的附近.(參考文獻 9840) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 於大約 55 公分 WD 出生時的大小。 (參考文獻 6871) 蝦底拖網的誤捕.(參考文獻 6871)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Size at birth ~ 55 cm WD (Ref.58048).印度-太平洋: 可能地廣泛分佈從南非至密克羅尼西亞。 Himantura gerrardi 的可能同種異名. 時常與 Himantura jenkinsii 互相混淆了。 (參考文獻 9840)
Mould, B., 1994. A world list of rays. The scientific nomenclature and distribution of the recent Batoidea (Batoidea, Elasmobranchii, Chondrichthyes). University of Nottingham, [UK]. 82 p. (Ref. 8630)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.7 - 28.2, mean 26.7 °C (based on 471 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00366 - 0.01891), b=3.10 (2.90 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.57 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 4.72 [0.53, 68.64] mg/100g; Iron = 0.359 [0.028, 3.857] mg/100g; Protein = 21.3 [18.7, 23.9] %; Omega3 = 0.0812 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 45.3 [8.5, 225.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 19.5 [1.6, 202.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.609 [0.036, 7.165] mg/100g (wet weight);
