Main Ref. | Burchmore, J.J., D.A. Pollard, M.J. Middleton, J.D. Bell and B.C. Pease, 1988 |
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Remarks | Occur on silty and muddy substrates in the deeper water of bays, but also frequenting the mouths of rivers, estuaries, and mangrove creeks. Juveniles abound in estuaries and shallow water during summer, moving deeper as they mature. Found inshore (Ref. 75154). They forage for burrowing or benthic animals by using their conical snout to plough through sand or mud (Ref. 6390). They change their dietary pattern as they grow larger (Ref. 6223). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; silt; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Burchmore, J.J., D.A. Pollard, M.J. Middleton, J.D. Bell and B.C. Pease, 1988 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Burchmore, J.J., D.A. Pollard, M.J. Middleton, J.D. Bell and B.C. Pease, 1988 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.31 | 0.13 | 3.24 | 0.35 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.52 | 0.54 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Burchmore, J.J., D.A. Pollard, M.J. Middleton, J.D. Bell and B.C. Pease, 1988 |