| Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Inhabits clear shallow waters over rocky bottoms in the vicinity of coral reefs, less frequently in sandy or seagrass areas. Often forms large aggregations during the day. Feeds at night mainly on small fish, shrimps, crabs and cephalopods. Carnivore (Ref. 57616). Predominantly inhabits patch reefs (Ref. 128694). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Harper, L.M., J.S. Lefcheck, R. Whippo, M.S. Jones, Z. Foltz and J.E. Duffy, 2022 |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | Cleaned by scarlet striped cleaner shrimp (Lysmata grabhami) and goby (Gobiosoma evelynae and others) as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.33 | 0.44 | 4.23 | 0.68 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| From individual food items | 3.98 | 0.60 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 | ||||