Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
---|---|
Remarks | Found inshore, usually along sandy beaches, in bays and inlets (Ref. 9283). Enters estuaries and freshwater (Ref. 9283). Prefers turbid water (Ref. 9283). Occurs in schools, usually large and fast moving, often leaping out of the water (Ref. 9283). Juveniles may float at the surface with tail bent and head down. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 9283). Its dorsal and anal spines are connected to venomous glands that can inflict painful wounds (Ref. 9283). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | : sand; |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995 |
---|---|
Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | Scale-eating behavior was suggested to originate from opportunistic foraging on other fishes (cleaning) (Ref. 28733). Mutilators feeding on larger fishes' scales (Ref. 40396). |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.33 | 0.53 | 4.27 | 0.69 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.53 | 0.52 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Duque-Nivia, G., A. Acero, A. Santos-Martinez and E. Rubio, 1996 |