主要參考文獻 | Smale, M.J., 1991 |
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附註 | A carnivore (Ref. 9137). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
參考文獻 | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Smale, M.J., 1991 |
攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
從食物內容 | 4.94 | 0.48 | 4.54 | 0.81 | Troph of adults from 3 studies. |
從個別的食物項目 | 4.42 | 0.78 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
參考文獻 | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |