| 主な参照 | Fischer, W. and G. Bianchi (eds.), 1984 |
|---|---|
| 意見 | Occur inshore, over soft bottom (Ref. 7300). Adults form shoals over coral reefs, rocky shores, to sandy beaches. Juveniles are solitary and inhabit estuaries. Feeds on small fishes, small squids, and crustaceans (Ref. 9773). Adults are reported to concentrate in large shoals. Juveniles are solitary and often enter estuaries. Literature records of the species from Hawaii are erroneous. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
| 参照 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | solitary; shoaling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 供給様式 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Fischer, W. and G. Bianchi (eds.), 1984 |
| 食性 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Fischer, W. and G. Bianchi (eds.), 1984 |
| Estimation method | 原本のサンプル | Unfished population | 意見 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 餌料組成から | |||||
| 個々の食物品目から | 4.21 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 参照 | |||||